ScienceDaily: Top News

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• An evolutionary approach to epidemics
• 'Solid' light could compute previously unsolvable problems
• Companion star hidden for 21 years in a supernova's glare
• Why humans don't suffer from chimpanzee malaria: DNA region controlling red blood cell invasion holds genetic key to infection
• Gulf anglers could be entitled to $585 million after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, study says
• Carbon dioxide concentration surges: Record greenhouse gas levels impact atmosphere and oceans, WMO report finds
• New molecular target key to enhanced brain plasticity
• Artificial membranes on silicon
• Squeezed quantum communication: Flashes of light in quantum states transmitted through atmosphere
• Smart headlights spare the eyes of oncoming drivers
• Shared pain brings people together, study concludes
• X-ray imaging paves way for novel solar cell production
• Miniature light-emitting devices and optical sensors: Pesky insect inspires practical technology
• Mapping the DNA sequence of Ashkenazi Jews
• Bacteria harbor secret weapons against antibiotics
• Liberal countries have more satisfied citizens while conservatives are happier individuals
• Poverty, not bias, explains racial/ethnic differences in child abuse
• First evidence for water ice clouds found outside our solar system
• Race, ethnicity important when evaluating risk of fat around heart
• Buckyballs and diamondoids in tiny electronic gadget: Two exotic types of carbon form molecule for steering electron flow
• Shift in Arabia sea plankton may threaten fisheries
• Eating habits, body fat related to differences in brain chemistry
• Biologists try to dig endangered pupfish out of its hole
• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cases linked with asbestos exposure
• How stem cells can be used to treat lung disease
• Birth measurements could predict lung health in teen years
• Intervention in 6-month-olds with autism eliminates symptoms, developmental delay
• Estrogen receptor expression may help explain why more males have autism
• Exercise before school may reduce ADHD symptoms in kids
• Nuclear waste eaters: Scientists discover hazardous waste-eating bacteria
• Phosphorus a promising semiconductor: Physicists find 2-D form pays no heed to defects
• Eating is addictive but sugar, fat are not like drugs, study says
• Weakness in malaria parasite fats suggests new treatments
• How age alters our immune response to bereavement
• The saplings go their own way: New explanation for dominance of generalists among tropical trees
• Xenon gas protects brain after head injury, research shows
• New infrared marker for bio-imaging
• Breast milk may be protective against devastating intestinal disorder
• Study sheds light on asthma, respiratory viruses
• Milestone reached in work to build replacement kidneys in the lab
• Advanced technologies vastly improve MRI for children
• Sharks in acidic waters avoid smell of food
• Prediabetes increases the risk of cancer by 15 percent, study of almost 900,000 people shows
• Tear gas could have temporary impact on lung health
• Interactive dark matter could explain Milky Way's missing satellite galaxies
• Lipid deficiency linked to neuron degeneration in lab study
• Agricultural revolution in Africa could increase global carbon emissions
• Rapid and durable protection against Ebola virus with new vaccine regimens
• Biologists delay the aging process by 'remote control'
• In one of nature's innovations, a single cell smashes and rebuilds its own genome
• Textbook theory behind volcanoes may be wrong
• Study traces ecological collapse over 6,000 years of Egyptian history
• Paleontologists discover new species of titanosaurian dinosaur in Tanzania
• Brain damage caused by severe sleep apnea is reversible
• How conversion of forests to cropland affects climate
• Declines in central line infections, ventilator pneumonias, American study shows
• Faces are more likely to seem alive when we want to feel connected
• Coral trout pick their collaborators carefully
• Bird-pollinated flower with a rather ingenious twist

An evolutionary approach to epidemics Posted: 09 Sep 2014 10:08 AM PDT An evolutionary analysis of public health data during a major disease outbreak, such as bird flu, E. coli contamination of food or the current Ebola outbreak could help the emergency services plan their response and contain the disease more effectively.

'Solid' light could compute previously unsolvable problems Posted: 09 Sep 2014 10:08 AM PDT Researchers have begun crystallizing light as part of an effort to answer fundamental questions about the physics of matter. As part of an effort to develop exotic materials such as room-temperature superconductors, the researchers have locked together photons, the basic element of light, so that they become fixed in place.

Companion star hidden for 21 years in a supernova's glare Posted: 09 Sep 2014 10:07 AM PDT Using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have discovered a companion star to a rare class of supernova, known as a Type IIb. The discovery confirms a long-held theory that the supernova, dubbed SN 1993J, occurred inside what is called a binary system, where two interacting stars caused a cosmic explosion.

Why humans don't suffer from chimpanzee malaria: DNA region controlling red blood cell invasion holds genetic key to infection Posted: 09 Sep 2014 09:35 AM PDT By comparing the genomes of malaria parasites that affect chimpanzees and those that affect humans, researchers discovered that it is the difference in the parasites' surface proteins that determine which host it will infect.

Gulf anglers could be entitled to $585 million after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, study says Posted: 09 Sep 2014 09:26 AM PDT Trustees could use the data to try to get the $585 million for ecosystem improvements and more fish in the Gulf. After a disaster such as an oil spill, trustees -- which could include federal, state or tribal authorities -- often attempt to secure financial compensation from those responsible.

Carbon dioxide concentration surges: Record greenhouse gas levels impact atmosphere and oceans, WMO report finds Posted: 09 Sep 2014 09:17 AM PDT The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a new record high in 2013, propelled by a surge in levels of carbon dioxide. This is according to the World Meteorological Organization's annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, which injected even greater urgency into the need for concerted international action against accelerating and potentially devastating climate change.

New molecular target key to enhanced brain plasticity Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:36 AM PDT As Alzheimer's disease progresses, it kills brain cells mainly in the hippocampus and cortex, leading to impairments in 'neuroplasticity,' the mechanism that affects learning, memory, and thinking. Groundbreaking new research has discovered a new way to preserve the flexibility and resilience of the brain that offers a new target for drug design and an understanding of mechanisms of cognitive enhancement.

Artificial membranes on silicon Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:33 AM PDT Artificial membranes mimicking those found in living organisms have many potential applications ranging from detecting bacterial contaminants in food to toxic pollution in the environment to dangerous diseases in people. Now a group of scientists has developed a way to create these delicate, ultra-thin constructs through a 'dry' process, by evaporating two commercial, off-the-shelf chemicals onto silicon surfaces.

Squeezed quantum communication: Flashes of light in quantum states transmitted through atmosphere Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:33 AM PDT Scientists have sent a pulse of bright light in a particularly sensitive quantum state through 1.6 kilometers of air. This quantum state, which they call squeezed, was maintained, which is something many physicists thought to be impossible. Eavesdropping on a message protected by quantum cryptography cannot be done without being noticed.

Smart headlights spare the eyes of oncoming drivers Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:33 AM PDT A smart headlight enables drivers to take full advantage of their high beams without fear of blinding oncoming drivers or suffering from the glare that can occur when driving in snow or rain at night.

Shared pain brings people together, study concludes Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:33 AM PDT What doesn't kill us may make us stronger as a group, according to findings from new research. The research suggests that, despite its unpleasantness, pain may actually have positive social consequences, acting as a sort of 'social glue' that fosters cohesion and solidarity within groups.

X-ray imaging paves way for novel solar cell production Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:33 AM PDT The sharp X-ray vision of DESY's research light source PETRA III paves the way for a new technique to produce cheap, flexible and versatile double solar cells. The method can reliably produce efficient tandem plastic solar cells of many meters in length.

Miniature light-emitting devices and optical sensors: Pesky insect inspires practical technology Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:32 AM PDT Our hands and swatters often fail in the struggle to kill flies. This isn't our fault, but rather is due to flies' compound eyes. Arranged in a hexagonal, convex pattern, compound eyes consist of hundreds of optical units called ommatidia, which together bestow upon flies a nearly 360-degree field of vision. With this capability in mind, a team of researchers is drawing on this structure to create miniature light-emitting devices and optical sensors.

Mapping the DNA sequence of Ashkenazi Jews Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:32 AM PDT Researchers have created a data resource that will improve genomic research in the Ashkenazi Jewish population and lead to more effective personalized medicine. The team of experts focused on the Ashkenazi Jewish population because of its demographic history of genetic isolation and the resulting abundance of population-specific mutations and prevalence of rare genetic disorders.

Bacteria harbor secret weapons against antibiotics Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:32 AM PDT The ability of pathogenic bacteria to evolve resistance to antibiotic drugs poses a growing threat to human health worldwide, and scientists have now discovered that some of our microscopic enemies may be even craftier than we suspected, using hidden genetic changes to promote rapid evolution under stress and developing antibiotic resistance in more ways than previously thought.

Liberal countries have more satisfied citizens while conservatives are happier individuals Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:27 AM PDT People living in more liberal countries are happier on average than those in less liberal countries, but individually, conservatives are happier than liberals no matter where they live, according to a study of people in 16 Western European countries.

Poverty, not bias, explains racial/ethnic differences in child abuse Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:26 AM PDT Poverty -- rather than biased reporting -- seems to account for the higher rates of child abuse and neglect among black children, reports a new study.

First evidence for water ice clouds found outside our solar system Posted: 09 Sep 2014 08:07 AM PDT A team of scientists has discovered the first evidence of water ice clouds on an object outside of our own Solar System. Water ice clouds exist on our own gas giant planets -- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune -- but have not been seen outside of the planets orbiting our Sun until now.

Race, ethnicity important when evaluating risk of fat around heart Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:38 AM PDT A man's likelihood of accumulating fat around his heart -- an important indicator of heart disease risk -- may be better determined if doctors consider his race and ethnicity, as well as where on his body he's building up excess fat, reveals an international evaluation.

Buckyballs and diamondoids in tiny electronic gadget: Two exotic types of carbon form molecule for steering electron flow Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:38 AM PDT Scientists have married two unconventional forms of carbon -- one shaped like a soccer ball, the other a tiny diamond -- to make a molecule that conducts electricity in only one direction. This tiny electronic component, known as a rectifier, could play a key role in shrinking chip components down to the size of molecules to enable faster, more powerful devices.

Shift in Arabia sea plankton may threaten fisheries Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:38 AM PDT The rapid rise of an unusual plankton in the Arabian Sea has been documented by researchers who say that it could be disastrous for the predator fish that sustain 120 million people living on the sea's edge. "These blooms are massive, appear year after year, and could be devastating to the Arabian Sea ecosystem over the long-term," said the study's lead author.

Eating habits, body fat related to differences in brain chemistry Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:38 AM PDT People who are obese may be more susceptible to environmental food cues than their lean counterparts due to differences in brain chemistry that make eating more habitual and less rewarding, according to new research.

Biologists try to dig endangered pupfish out of its hole Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:38 AM PDT A biologist is giving important guidance in the efforts to rescue a critically endangered fish found only in Devils Hole, about 60 miles east of Death Valley National Park. It is estimated that fewer than 100 Devils Hole pupfish remain. Considered the world's rarest fish, the wild pupfish faces a 28 to 32 percent risk of extinction over the next 20 years.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cases linked with asbestos exposure Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:37 AM PDT A proportion of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) cases may be linked with asbestos exposure, according to the results of a new study. If confirmed, the findings would mean that current treatment strategies need to be altered as people with a history of asbestos exposure are not currently able to access new treatments for IPF.

How stem cells can be used to treat lung disease Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:37 AM PDT A new study has revealed how stem cells work to improve lung function in acute respiratory distress syndrome. The researchers investigated whether stem cells can affect the stimulation of the macrophages and promote the state in which they will suppress the inflammation.

Birth measurements could predict lung health in teen years Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:37 AM PDT A new study has found that factors, such as birth weight, gestational age at birth and lung function, growth and other measures at 8 years old, can be used to predict lung function during mid to late teenage years.

Intervention in 6-month-olds with autism eliminates symptoms, developmental delay Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:37 AM PDT Treatment at the earliest age when autism spectrum disorder is detectable -- in infants as young as 6 months old -- significantly reduces symptoms so that by age 3 most who received the therapy had neither autism nor delay, a research study has found.

Estrogen receptor expression may help explain why more males have autism Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:37 AM PDT The same sex hormone that helps protect females from stroke may also reduce their risk of autism, scientists say. In the first look at a potential role of the female sex hormone in autism, researchers have found expression of estrogen receptor beta -- which enables estrogen's potent brain protection -- is significantly decreased in autistic brains. The receptor also plays a role in locomotion as well as behavior, including anxiety, depression, memory, and learning.

Exercise before school may reduce ADHD symptoms in kids Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:37 AM PDT Offering daily, before-school, aerobic activities to younger, at-risk children could help in reducing the symptoms of ADHD in the classroom and at home, research suggests. Signs can include inattentiveness, moodiness and difficulty getting along with others.

Nuclear waste eaters: Scientists discover hazardous waste-eating bacteria Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:36 AM PDT Tiny single-cell organisms discovered living underground could help with the problem of nuclear waste disposal, say researchers. Although bacteria with waste-eating properties have been discovered in relatively pristine soils before, this is the first time that microbes that can survive in the very harsh conditions expected in radioactive waste disposal sites have been found.

Phosphorus a promising semiconductor: Physicists find 2-D form pays no heed to defects Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:36 AM PDT The two-dimensional form of phosphorus may be a useful, flaw-resistant semiconductor for electronics. Theory shows the material's electronic properties are not affected by point defects or grain boundaries.

Eating is addictive but sugar, fat are not like drugs, study says Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:36 AM PDT People can become addicted to eating for its own sake but not to consuming specific foods such as those high in sugar or fat, research suggests. An international team of scientists has found no strong evidence for people being addicted to the chemical substances in certain foods.

Weakness in malaria parasite fats suggests new treatments Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:36 AM PDT A new study has revealed a weak spot in the complex life cycle of malaria, which could be exploited to prevent the spread of the deadly disease, and may even lead to a vaccine. It found female malaria parasites put on fat differently to male ones, a process that can be used to develop drug targets.

How age alters our immune response to bereavement Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:36 AM PDT Young people have a more robust immune response to the loss of a loved one, according to new research, providing insight into how different generations cope with loss. The study shows how the balance of our stress hormones during grief changes as we age -- meaning elderly people are more likely to have reduced immune function and, as a result, suffer from infections.

The saplings go their own way: New explanation for dominance of generalists among tropical trees Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:24 AM PDT In tropical rainforests, most young trees grow spatially independent from their parent trees. This means that it is not possible to predict where seedlings will take root, and less specialized species therefore have an advantage even in the species-rich rainforests of the tropics, researchers report.

Xenon gas protects brain after head injury, research shows Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:24 AM PDT Treatment with xenon gas after a head injury reduces the extent of brain damage, according to a study in mice. Head injury is the leading cause of death and disability in people aged under 45 in developed countries, mostly resulting from falls and road accidents. The primary injury caused by the initial mechanical force is followed by a secondary injury which develops in the hours and days afterwards. This secondary injury is largely responsible for patients' mental and physical disabilities.

New infrared marker for bio-imaging Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:23 AM PDT The recently developed fluorescent protein Amrose is now being used for advanced near-IR imaging procedures. With the aid of a novel evolutionary platform technology, scientists have developed this infrared marker as part of a combined effort to improve the quality of tissue imaging.

Breast milk may be protective against devastating intestinal disorder Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:21 AM PDT A protein called neuregulin-4 (NRG4)—present in breast milk, but absent from formula, may be protective against the intestinal destruction caused in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Thirty percent of babies with NEC die from their disease, and even survivors can face lifelong consequences that may include removal of part of their intestine and dependence upon intravenous nutrition. Formula feeding is a known risk factor for the disease.

Study sheds light on asthma, respiratory viruses Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:21 AM PDT In a new study that compared people with and without asthma, researchers found no difference in the key immune response to viruses in the lungs and breathing passages. The work suggests that a fundamental antiviral defense mechanism is intact in asthma. This means that another aspect of the immune system must explain the difficulty people with asthma have when they encounter respiratory viruses.

Milestone reached in work to build replacement kidneys in the lab Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:21 AM PDT Working with human-sized pig kidneys, researchers have developed the most successful method to date to keep blood vessels in the new organs open and flowing with blood. This is a significant hurdle in the quest to engineer replacement kidneys for patients.

Advanced technologies vastly improve MRI for children Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:21 AM PDT Researchers have significantly reduced the amount of time it takes for a child to undergo an MRI scan. One reason is that in order to acquire a faithful MR image, patients must hold completely still while lying in a scanner, sometimes for over an hour. For young children, such a feat is nearly impossible. In addition, the confined space of the MRI machine combined with the loud noises it generates can upset children, making it even more difficult for them to remain still.

Sharks in acidic waters avoid smell of food Posted: 09 Sep 2014 06:21 AM PDT The increasing acidification of ocean waters caused by rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels could rob sharks of their ability to sense the smell of food, a new study suggests.

Prediabetes increases the risk of cancer by 15 percent, study of almost 900,000 people shows Posted: 08 Sep 2014 05:47 PM PDT Prediabetes increases the risk of cancer by 15 percent, with differing risks depending on the type of cancer, a meta-analysis comprising 16 studies and 891,426 participants from various regions of the world shows.

Tear gas could have temporary impact on lung health Posted: 08 Sep 2014 05:46 PM PDT The effects of tear gas are not just short term and could be experienced for up to two weeks after the event, according to a new study. Results found a range of respiratory symptoms, with 70% of respondents reporting respiratory difficulties, 80% reporting a lasting cough, 45% phlegm production and 43% chest pain. The median duration of both cough and chest pain was 15 days.

Interactive dark matter could explain Milky Way's missing satellite galaxies Posted: 08 Sep 2014 05:46 PM PDT Scientists believe they have found a way to explain why there are not as many galaxies orbiting the Milky Way as expected. Computer simulations of the formation of our galaxy suggest that there should be many more small galaxies around the Milky Way than are observed through telescopes. This has thrown doubt on the generally accepted theory of cold dark matter, an invisible and mysterious substance that scientists predict should allow for more galaxy formation around the Milky Way than is seen. Now cosmologists think they have found a potential solution to the problem.

Lipid deficiency linked to neuron degeneration in lab study Posted: 08 Sep 2014 05:45 PM PDT A type of lipid that naturally declines in the aging brain impacts – within laboratory models used to study Parkinson's disease – a protein associated with the disease, according to a study. "This gets right to the heart of understanding, possibly, the mechanism by which one form of lipid is impacting the process of neuron degeneration," said one of the study's co-authors.

Agricultural revolution in Africa could increase global carbon emissions Posted: 08 Sep 2014 01:24 PM PDT Productivity-boosting agricultural innovations in Africa could lead to an increase in global deforestation rates and carbon emissions, a study finds. "Increasing productivity in Africa -- a carbon-rich region with low agricultural yields -- could have negative effects on the environment, especially if agricultural markets are highly integrated," a researcher said. "This study highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between globalization and the environmental impacts of agricultural technology. They are deeply intertwined."

Rapid and durable protection against Ebola virus with new vaccine regimens Posted: 08 Sep 2014 12:29 PM PDT One shot of an experimental vaccine made from two Ebola virus gene segments incorporated into a chimpanzee cold virus vector, called chimp adenovirus type 3 or ChAd3, protected all four macaque monkeys exposed to high levels of Ebola virus 5 weeks after inoculation, report scientists.

Biologists delay the aging process by 'remote control' Posted: 08 Sep 2014 12:29 PM PDT Biologists have identified a gene that can slow the aging process when activated remotely in key organ systems. The life scientists, working with fruit flies, activated a gene called AMPK that is a key energy sensor in cells. Increasing AMPK in the intestine increased the fly's life by about 30 percent, and the fly stayed healthier longer as well. The research could have important implications for delaying aging and disease in humans.

In one of nature's innovations, a single cell smashes and rebuilds its own genome Posted: 08 Sep 2014 12:29 PM PDT A pond-dwelling, single-celled organism has the remarkable ability to break its own DNA into nearly a quarter-million pieces and rapidly reassemble those pieces when it's time to mate. This elaborate process could provide a template for understanding how chromosomes in more complex animals such as humans break apart and reassemble, as can happen during the onset of cancer.

Textbook theory behind volcanoes may be wrong Posted: 08 Sep 2014 12:29 PM PDT In the typical textbook picture, volcanoes, such as those that are forming the Hawaiian islands, erupt when magma gushes out as narrow jets from deep inside Earth. But that picture is wrong, according to a new study from researchers who conclude that seismology data are now confirming that such narrow jets don't actually exist.

Study traces ecological collapse over 6,000 years of Egyptian history Posted: 08 Sep 2014 12:29 PM PDT Depictions of animals in ancient Egyptian artifacts have helped scientists assemble a detailed record of the large mammals that lived in the Nile Valley over the past 6,000 years. A new analysis of this record shows that species extinctions, probably caused by a drying climate and growing human population in the region, have made the ecosystem progressively less stable.

Paleontologists discover new species of titanosaurian dinosaur in Tanzania Posted: 08 Sep 2014 11:35 AM PDT Paleontologists have identified a new species of titanosaurian, a member of the large-bodied sauropods that thrived during the final period of the dinosaur age, in Tanzania. Although many fossils of titanosaurians have been discovered around the globe, especially in South America, few have been recovered from the continent of Africa.

Brain damage caused by severe sleep apnea is reversible Posted: 08 Sep 2014 10:54 AM PDT A neuroimaging study is the first to show that white matter damage caused by severe obstructive sleep apnea can be reversed by continuous positive airway pressure therapy. The results underscore the importance of the 'Stop the Snore' campaign of the National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project, a collaboration between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research Society and other partners.

How conversion of forests to cropland affects climate Posted: 08 Sep 2014 10:54 AM PDT The conversion of forests into cropland worldwide has triggered an atmospheric change to emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds that -- while seldom considered in climate models -- has had a net cooling effect on global temperatures, according to a new study.

Declines in central line infections, ventilator pneumonias, American study shows Posted: 08 Sep 2014 10:54 AM PDT Hospitals across the country have seen sharp declines in rates of central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSIs) and ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAPs) among critically ill neonates and children, according to a new study.

Faces are more likely to seem alive when we want to feel connected Posted: 08 Sep 2014 10:54 AM PDT Feeling socially disconnected may lead us to lower our threshold for determining that another being is animate or alive, according to new research. "This increased sensitivity to animacy suggests that people are casting a wide net when looking for people they can possibly relate to -- which may ultimately help them maximize opportunities to renew social connections," explains psychological scientist and lead researcher of the study.

Coral trout pick their collaborators carefully Posted: 08 Sep 2014 10:53 AM PDT Coral trout not only work with moray eels to improve their chances of a meal, but they can also be choosy when it comes to picking the best moray partner. The findings show that such sophisticated collaborative abilities are not limited to apes and humans. The fish's behavior is remarkable in other ways too, the researchers say.

Bird-pollinated flower with a rather ingenious twist Posted: 08 Sep 2014 10:53 AM PDT When researchers studying several bird-pollinated species of Impatiens flowers in the mountains of western Cameroon noticed one with an odd, upwardly curving nectar spur, they couldn't imagine how any sunbird could ever sip from it. After recording visitors to the flower continuously for a period of days, they had their answer.

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